(58,993cm3): assures that backframe will remain straight, promoting stable and consistent tuning. Posts: 5 full-length tapered solid spruce braces with a volume of 3,600 cu. Grand-type maple laminated closing rim unequaled vertical strength and stability. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn.Back Frame: Solid birch mortised foot-piece. A significant development in the 20th century (beginning in the 1930s) was the appearance of the electronic, or electric, piano, which relied on electroacoustic or digital methods of tone production and was heard through an amplifier and loudspeaker. The result is a dynamic range, sostenuto (ability to sustain a tone), and tonal spectrum unknown to Frédéric Chopin, Ludwig van Beethoven, and even Franz Liszt. String tension, determined at 16 tons in 1862, increased to as much as 30 tons in modern instruments. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.Ī number of developments followed in the 19th and 20th centuries. These études were based on Niccolò Paganini's 24 Caprices and the last movement of the B-minor violin concerto. But by taking the strings down to floor level, John Isaac Hawkins made the upright shorter and more suitable for small rooms.Įxcerpt from La campanella (“The Bell”), number three of six études for piano entitled Transcendental Études After Paganini (1838) by Franz Liszt. They were consequently very tall, and many were made in elegant shapes. Early upright pianos were made according to the design of upright harpsichords with the strings rising from keyboard level. From that point on, the piano became the preferred medium for salon music, chamber music, concerti, and song accompaniments.īy roughly 1860 the upright piano had virtually replaced the square piano for home use. When Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Muzio Clementi began to write for the piano, a distinctively pianistic style of playing and composing developed. Preferring a lighter, less-expensive instrument with a softer touch, German piano makers perfected the square piano. The piano, made in a variety of forms, was widely popular in the mid-18th century. Cristofori had arrived at all the essentials of the modern piano action by 1726, and it is from Cristofori’s piano that the modern piano stems. This was not the first instrument using keyboard striking action examples of the piano principle existed as early as about 1440. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.Ĭredit for priority of invention has been much disputed, but there is little doubt that it belongs to Bartolomeo Cristofori, who devised his gravecembalo col piano e forte (“harpsichord with soft and loud”) in Florence in approximately 1709. Of the three pedals found on most pianos, the damper pedal on the right lifts all the felt dampers above the strings, allowing them all to vibrate freely the left pedal shifts the keyboard and action sideways to enable the hammer to strike only one of the two or three unison strings of each tenor and treble key (the bass notes are only single-strung) and the middle pedal (generally available on grand pianos but also found on some upright pianos) usually holds up the dampers only of those keys depressed when the pedal is depressed.Īn excerpt from Sergey Prokofiev's Piano Sonata No. Modern pianos are therefore much louder than were those of the 18th century, an increase in loudness necessitated in part by the size of 19th-century concert halls. The modern piano has a cast-iron frame capable of withstanding the tremendous tension of the strings early pianos had wood frames and thus could only be lightly strung. Modern hammers are covered with felt earlier, leather was used. The hammers that strike the strings are affixed to a mechanism resting on the far ends of the keys hammer and mechanism compose the “action.” The function of the mechanism is to accelerate the motion of the hammer, catch it as it rebounds from the strings, and hold it in position for the next attack. The vibration of the strings is transmitted to a soundboard by means of a bridge over which the strings are stretched the soundboard amplifies the sound and affects its tone quality. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz See all videos for this article
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